Social Justice Funding and the Risk of Movement Capture

The year 2020 saw large donors and funders implement a number of policy changes designed to “decolonize” their wealth and hand over more control to the people and organizations receiving that wealth. History, however, presents a caveat: as movements and funding streams formalize, they may experience pressure to tone down or redirect their aims. Our authors explore further in this piece from 11 Trends in Philanthropy for 2021.

Since 2017, millions of people have given relatively small, no-strings-attached donations to organizations that pledged to combat social injustice. For example, the total revenue for RAICES, a Texas-based immigration legal services office, jumped from $7.7 million in 2017 to $56.3 million in 2018, following the Trump administration’s orders to separate immigrant family members at the U.S.-Mexico border (Internal Revenue Service). Much of this revenue came from a viral Facebook campaign launched in June 2018, in which the average donation was around $38 (Swisher, 2018).

Likewise, in the month after Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin killed George Floyd during an arrest on May 25, 2020, more than 1 million people gave an average of $33 each to the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, totaling roughly $36 million (Morrison, 2020). As a result, the organization has grown and begun to formalize its structure and organization, creating additional opportunities for funding from more traditional sources.

Those opportunities are expanding. The year 2020 saw large donors implement a number of policy changes designed to “decolonize” their wealth and hand over more control to the people and organizations receiving that wealth.

The Ford Foundation, for example, announced in October 2020 that it has doubled its payouts to racial justice and civil rights groups, with new funding to those “creating structural and systemic change through strategic litigation, policy advocacy and grassroots organizing” (para. 2). As the foundation’s President Darren Walker explained, “our most urgent priority for this infusion of funds is to meet activists and litigators where they are” (2020, para. 3). Other funds abound. The Decolonizing Wealth Project, founded by activist and author Edgar Villanueva, launched the giving circle Liberated Capital in 2019, which “supports Indigenous and other people-of-color-led initiatives working for transformative social change” (para. 1). Perhaps most importantly, this giving circle has adopted “a reparations model that trusts and supports the leadership of those most impacted by historical and systemic racism” (Villanueva, 2019, para. 2).

More broadly, initial findings suggest that other large donors and foundations are increasingly supporting advocacy, including efforts to change public policy. A 2020 report by the Center for Effective Philanthropy found that “nearly three-fourths of foundation leaders surveyed have increased their own foundation’s policy efforts over the past three years” (i.e., from 2016–19; Orensten, Buteau, Martin, & Gehling, p. 9). In addition, Abby Levine, the director of Bolder Advocacy, told Inside Philanthropy, “[a]necdotally, we have seen a huge upswing of interest from foundations in terms of advocacy” (Kavate, 2020, para. 3).

“The year 2020 saw large donors implement a number of policy changes designed to ‘decolonize’ their wealth and hand over more control to the people and organizations receiving that wealth.”

Many foundations and charities also have loosened both the restrictions on their grants and their grantees. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, hundreds of foundations and charities pledged to offer more “flexible funding” to nonprofit organizations in order to hasten the delivery of services and goods to people in need. This pledge included “loosen[ing] or eliminat[ing] the restrictions on current grants,” making any new grants “as unrestricted as possible,” and “support[ing], as appropriate, grantee partners advocating for important public policy changes to fight the pandemic” for at least the “days, weeks, and months ahead” (Council on Foundations, 2020, para. 4).

Of course, the inherent power imbalance between funders and those funded remains a complication, even with less-restrictive giving. As nonprofit organizations enjoy freer rein to try new initiatives and social advocacy groups become flush with cash, there remain several risks.

For one, as a movement establishes a formal structure, it necessarily narrows its focus and excludes certain voices and goals.

It also increases the risk of movement capture. As described by political scientist Megan Ming Francis, movement capture is “the process by which private funders leverage their financial resources to apply pressure and influence the decision-making process of civil rights organizations” (2019, p. 278). Historically, Francis (2015) points to the experience of the NAACP in the early 20th century, as that organization’s financial relationship with the Garland Fund drew it away from anti-lynching activism and toward education equity — in other words, away from advocacy that pointed to violent white people and the institutions that protected them, and toward self-help.

It remains to be seen in the years to come if foundations and other large donors similarly blunt social movement organizations’ more radical missions. Looking again at the BLM Global Network, as popular financial support inevitably ebbs, the organization will increasingly need to turn to larger donors to continue their work. Today, argues Francis, “protection of black bodies from state sanctioned violence remains an unmet challenge for civil rights groups committed to racial equality. […] If today’s foundations play similar roles with civil rights organizations, they once again risk limiting the radical potential of these organizations” (2015, para. 1).

It will be important to watch if this trend toward increasing unrestricted resources directed to social justice organizations stays the course, or if the movement-capture dynamic plays out again.

REFERENCES

Council on Foundations. (2020, March). A call to action: Philanthropy’s commitment during COVID-19. https://www.cof.org/news/call-action-philanthropys-commitment-during-covid-19

Ford Foundation. (2020, Oct. 9). Ford Foundation announces $180 Million in new funding for U.S. racial justice efforts. https://www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/ford-foundation-announces-180-million-in-new-funding-for-us-racial-justice-efforts

Francis, M. M. (2019). The price of civil rights: Black lives, white funding, and movement capture. Law & Society Review, 53(1), 275–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12384

Francis, M. M. (2015, Aug. 17). Do foundations co-opt civil rights organizations? https://www.meganming.com/do-foundations-co-opt-civil-rights-organizations

Internal Revenue Service. (2018). Form 990: Return of organization exempt from income tax. https://www.raicestexas.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2018-raices-990-web.pdf

Internal Revenue Service. (2017). Form 990: Return of organization exempt from income tax. https://www.raicestexas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/RAICES_990_2017.pdf

Kavate, M. (2020, June 16). With change in the air, foundation interest in advocacy blooms. Inside Philanthropy. https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2020/6/16/with-change-in-the-air-foundation-interest-in-advocacy-blossoms

Morrison, A. (2020, June 17). Black Lives Matter network establishes $12M grant fund. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/1d5d09286d910bc84c48ffe2d3a11197

Orensten, N., Buteau, E., Martin, H., & Gehling, K. (2020). Policy influence: What foundations are doing and why. Center for Effective Philanthropy. http://cep.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/CEP_PublicPolicy.pdf

Swisher, K. (2018, July 9). Full transcript: Charlotte and Dave Willner, plus Airbnb CEO Brian Chesky on Recode Decode. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/7/9/17542740/transcript-charlotte-dave-willner-facebook-immigration-airbnb-ceo-brian-chesky-recode-decode

Villanueva, E. (2019). Liberated Capital: A Decolonizing Wealth Project Fund. https://www.grapevine.org/c/3y6hD5/Liberated-Capital-A-Decolonizing-Wealth-Project-Fund/about

The Growth of Social Justice Funding and the Risk of Movement Capture

Philanthropy and Reparations: Righting the Past

Philanthropic Harm: How “Doing Good” Can Go Bad

Increasing Attention to How Much and Where Money Flows — or Doesn’t

REFERENCES